疝气

疝气有几种类型，其中最常见的是：

• 腹股沟疝 - 腹股沟疝占所有疝气病例的70%。当肠子或膀胱从下腹壁或腹股沟管突出时，就会引起腹股沟疝。男性腹股沟管有支撑睾丸的精索，而女性的腹股沟管有帮助固定子宫的韧带。这类型在男性中更常见。
• 食管裂孔疝 - 当胃的上半部经食道裂孔突出到腹腔时，就会引起食管裂孔疝。食道裂孔是横隔膜上的开口，包含了食道和迷走神经。
• 脐疝 - 脐疝常见于新生儿或6个月以下的婴儿， 是因部分小肠穿过肚脐附近的腹壁而形成的。脐疝无害，一般会在孩子满一岁时就自愈。
• 股疝 - 与腹股沟疝相似，股疝也发生在股沟。这在女性中更常见，尤其是孕妇或肥胖女性。股疝是因肠子从下腹壁穿过并突出到位于大腿上部的股管而形成的。
• 切口疝 - 当肠子通过切口或旧手术部位的弱化组织和肌肉突出于腹壁时，就会形成切口疝。

The most common sign of a hernia is a noticeable bulge or swelling in the affected area. This may be accompanied by pain or discomfort, especially when lifting heavy objects, bending over or straining during bowel movements. In some cases, hernias can also lead to symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.

If left untreated, a hernia can lead to serious complications, including:

• Bowel obstruction: The herniated tissue may become trapped, blocking the intestines and causing pain, nausea or vomiting.
• Strangulation: If blood flow to the trapped tissue is cut off, the tissue can die, leading to a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate surgery.

Early medical evaluation and management are crucial to prevent these potentially severe outcomes.

If you suspect that you may have a hernia, it is important to consult a hernia doctor for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Doctors typically use the following methods to diagnose hernias:

• Physical examination: A thorough physical exam is often the first step. Your doctor will check for any visible or palpable bulges, particularly when you stand, cough or strain.
• Imaging tests: To confirm the diagnosis and assess the hernia more clearly, your doctor may order imaging studies such as an ultrasound, CT scan or MRI.
• Specialised tests: In certain cases, additional investigations may be necessary to determine the hernia’s exact size, location or complications. Tests such as a herniogram or diagnostic laparoscopy may be used to provide more detailed information before deciding on the most suitable treatment approach.

疝气往往无痛且无症状，或只会引起轻至中度不适。然而，除了脐疝，多数疝气不会自行消退。若不治疗，可能会引起严重的并发症。

疝气可通过两种方法进行修复：

• 疝气修补术（组织修复）这手术会以传统开放式手术进行，并在疝气部位做切口。医生会将移位的器官移回原本位置，并将开口缝合。同时，切口也会被缝合并包扎以促进愈合。疝气修补术可通过腹腔镜进行。
• 疝气成形术（网片修复）对于较大疝气，尤其当移位的器官无法被推回腔内时，可通过手术网片来修复疝囊。疝气成形术会在腔上放置由动物组织或聚丙烯制成的网片。受损或薄弱组织和肌肉的再生期间，这网片能作为一种支撑。与疝气修补术相似，疝气成形术也能通过腹腔镜进行。

Hernia repair surgery is typically performed under general anaesthesia, meaning you will be asleep and pain-free throughout the procedure. The surgical approach depends on the type, size and location of the hernia, as well as the patient’s overall health.

• Surgical procedure: Once anaesthesia takes effect, the Singapore hernia specialist will make an incision near the affected area. The herniated tissue is gently pushed back into its proper position within the abdominal cavity.
• Repair of the muscle wall: The weakened or torn muscle wall is then reinforced using stitches, surgical staples or medical adhesive. In many cases, a synthetic mesh is placed over or under the repair site to provide additional support and reduce the risk of recurrence.
• Laparoscopic option: Some hernias may be repaired using minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques, involving several small incisions and the use of a camera and specialised instruments. This method often results in faster recovery and less postoperative discomfort.

Overall, hernia surgery is a common and safe procedure with a high success rate when performed by an experienced hernia surgeon. Your doctor will choose the most appropriate surgical method based on your individual condition.

与多数手术一样，疝气修复也具有潜在风险。这包括：

• 凝血
• 疼痛和肿胀
• 网片部位疼痛和感染
• 手术部位大量出血或感染
• 组织、神经或器官受损
• 疝气复发
• 血清肿或瘘管形成
• 切口处出血
• 对镇静剂的不良反应